Post-Crisis Innovation -
A study of the variation of patent-protected innovations after viral epidemics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20401/rasi.7.2.481Keywords:
Inovação, Propriedade Intelectual, Ciências medicas, EpidemiasAbstract
We cannot stand still in times of crisis, Innovating is the only way out (Frabasile, 2017). Taking advantage of this statement, this article highlights the increase in the volume of innovations protected by patents after the H3N2 (Hong Kong flu) and H1N1 (Swine Flu) epidemics, over time. The amount of 4.6% of the total medical innovations granted through patents is related to the flu epidemics studied. The WHO report Expenditure in Health as% of GDP was the starting point for the construction of the exploratory study selecting the field medical technology as a starting point. Additionally, data from other databases were included with PATENTSCOPE and PATENT2NET that contributed to quantify the importance of medical innovation in the scenario presented. By opposing the medical oath, a patent is a tool that helps to identify innovation on a reliable basis, promoting qualified technological diffusion, and the financial importance of innovations in the environment has been taken into account, showing that investing in medical research can help in seeks a slice of the USD 612.7 billion dollars that will be spent on health by people in 2025.
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References
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Adler, R. (1984). Biotechnology as an intelectual property. Science, pp. 357-363.
Anderson, P., & Tushman, M. (1 de Mar de 1990). Technological discontinuities and dominant design:A cyclical model of technological change. Administrative Science Quarterly, pp. 604-633.
Arora, A., & Gambardella, A. (1 de Mai de 1994). The Changing Technology of Technological Change: General and Abstract Knowledge and the division of innovative labor. Research Policy, pp. 523-532.
Barata, R. d. (1987). Epidemias. Cadernos de saude publica.
Bergstein, G. (01 de Dez de 2012). Os limites do dever de informação na relação médico-Paciente e sua prova. Os limites do dever de informação na relação médico-Paciente e sua prova - Faculdade de Direito, São paulo.
Boon, S. (4 de Jan de 2017). Fonte: Canadian Science Publisinhg: http://blog.cdnsciencepub.com/21st-century-science-overload/
Brem, A., Petra, N., & Viardot, E. (1 de Mar de 2020). The impact of 2008 financial crisis on innovation: A dominat Design perpective. Journal of Business Research, pp. 360-369.
Brennan, Z. (2016, Aug 17). Patents vs. Market Exclusivity: Why Does it Take so Long to Bring Generics to Market? Retrieved from Regulatory Focus : https://www.raps.org/regulatory-focus%E2%84%A2/news-articles/2016/8/patents-vs-market-exclusivity-why-does-it-take-so-long-to-bring-generics-to-market
Caprari, S., Metzler, S., Lengauer, T., & Kalinina, O. V. (2015, Oct 19). Sequence and Structure Analysis of Distantly-Related Viruses Reveals Extensive Gene Transfer between Viruses and Hosts and among Viruses. Viruses, pp. 5389 - 5409.
Castrignano, S. B. (2016). O que são virus? um novo conceito. Boletim do instituto Adolfo Lutz, 1-3.
Cockburn, W. C., Delon, P. J., & Ferreira, W. (1969, Mar 1). Origin and progress of the 1968-1969 Hong Kong Influenza Epidemic. Bulletin of the world Health Organization, pp. 345-348.
Darwin, C. (1859). The origin of species. London: John murray.
Davey, L. M. (2001, Set 3). The Oath of Hippocrates:An historical Review. Neurosurgery, pp. 554-566.
Dawood, F. S., Iuliano, A. D., & Reed, C. (12 de Dez de 2012). Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: A modeling study. The lancet infection Diseases, pp. 687-695.
de Souza Machado, D. A., Branco Vieira Barcelos, E. J., Maccari, E. A., & Mazieri, M. R. (2020, jan-mar 1). Absorptive capacity as a strategy for innovation in service microenterprises under crisis environment. Revista Gestão & Tecnologia, pp. 77-99.
DOHERTY, M. C., & BIRRER, R. (1 de Feb de 1986). Research methodology series. Computerized bibliographic databases. Family Practice Research Journal,, pp. 59-66.
Dutta, s., & Weiss, A. (1 de Mar de 1997). The relaationship between a firma's level of technological innovativeness and its pattern partership agreements. Management Science, pp. 343-356.
Feng, L., Shay, D. K., Jiang, Y., Zhou, H., Chen, X., Zheng, Y., . . . Yu, H. (1 de jan de 2012). Influenza-associated mortality in temperate and subtropical Chinese cities, 2003–2008. Bulletin of the World Health Organization.
Ferreira, A. A., Guimaraes, E. R., & Contador, J. C. (1 de Feb de 2009). Patente como instrumento competitivo e. Gestão & Produção, pp. 209-221.
Fineberg, H. V. (1 de jan de 2014). Pandemic Preparedness and response lessons fron the H1N1 influenza of 2009. New England journal of medicine, pp. 1335-1342.
Fortune business insights. (2019). Mediccal Devices market size, share and indutry analysis by type ( orthopedic devices , cardiovascular devices, diagnostic imaging,IVD,MIS,wound managmente,diabetes care, Ophtalmic devices, dental & Nephrology), end user and regional forecast (2019-2025). EUA: Fortune.
Frabasile, D. (2017). "Em tempos de crise,inovar é a única saída". Epoca negócios.
Grais, R. F., Ellis, J. h., & Glass, G. E. (1 de 11 de 2003). Assesing the Impact of airline travel o the Geographic Spread of pandemic Influenza. European Journal of Epidemiology, pp. 1065-1072.
Green, S., Gavin, M., & Aiman-Smith, L. (1 de mar de 1995). Assessing a multidimensional measure of radical technological innovation. IEEE transaction on Engineering Management, pp. 203-214.
Guimaraes, J. A. (08 de Dec de 2003). A pesquisa médica e biomédica no Brasil. Comparações com o desempenho científico brasileiro e mundial. Ciencia e Saude Coletiva.
Henderson, R., & Cockburn, I. (1 de Nov de 1994). Measuring competence? Exploring Firm effects in pharmaceutical research. Strategic management Journal, pp. 63-84.
Jenner & Block. (1995). Patents for surgical/medical procedures: A call for legislative prohibition. ASCRS News and Advocacy.
Katila, R. (1 de Dec de 1999). Using patent dat to measure Innovation Performance. International Journal of business performance management, pp. 11-110.
Kavanaugh, M. M., Thirumurthy, H., Katz, R., Ebi, K. L., Beyrer, C., Headley, J., . . . Gostin, L. O. (2020, Mar 1). ENDING PANDEMICS: U.S. FOREIGN POLICY TO MITIGATE TODAY’S MAJOR KILLERS, TOMORROW’S OUTBREAKS, AND THE HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE. Journal of International Affairs, pp. 49 - 68.
Koonin, E., & Dolja, V. (1 de Jun de 2014). Virus world as an evolutionary network of viruses and capsidless selfish elements. Microbiol Mol Biol, pp. 278-303.
Liao, Q., Cowling, B. J., Lam, W. w., & Fielding, R. (2011, Jun 1). The Influence of Social-Cognitive Factors on Personal Hygiene Practices to Protect Against Influenzas: Using Modelling to Compare Avian A/H5N1 and 2009 Pandemic A/H1N1 Influenzas in Hong Kong. International Journal Behavioral medicine, pp. 93-104.
llewellyn, C., Podpolny, D., & Zerbi, C. (2015). Capturing the new "value"segment in medical devices. Mackinsey Pharmaceuticals & Medical products, 91-98.
Martinez, D. L., & Das, T. K. (2014, Dec 29). Design of non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies for pandemic influenza outbreaks. BMC Public Health.
Mena, I., Nelson, M., Quezada-Monroy, F., Dutta, J., Cortes-Fernandez, R., Lara-Puente, J. h., . . . Garcia-Sastre, A. (28 de Jun de 2016). Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico. eLife, p. e16777.
Monga, A. (1 de Jun de 2014). Medical savings and long term healthcare financing. Journal of the Insurance institute of India, pp. 83-96.
Murphy, K. M., & Topel, R. H. (2003). Measuring the gains from a medical research : An economic approach. Chicago: The university of Chicago Press.
MURTIASTTIK, D., MAHARANI, C. S., & LISTIAWAN, R. &. (2019, Dec 1). Nystatin Profile on Candida Species in HIV/AIDS Patients with Oral Candidiasis: A Phenomenology Study. Journal of Pure & Applied Microbiology, pp. 2013-2019.
Myat Aye, Y., & Bulsara, C. (2018). Perceptions of the Effect of Contact Precautions on Patients and Relatives in a Palliative Care Unit: An Exploratory Pilot Study Using a Survey Research Methodology. Internal Medicine Journal, pp. 16-48.
Ness, R. B. (2015). The Creativity Crisis : Reinventing Science to Unleash Possibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nesse, R. M. (2007). Evolutionary Medicine. New York: Oxford Universty Press.
Packer, S. (1960). Ethics and medical patents. Archives Of Ophthalmology (Chicago, III), 824- 826.
Pauly, M. V. (1986, Feb 1). Taxation,heanlth Insurance and Market Failure in the Medical Economy. Journal of Economic Literature, pp. 629-675.
Pavitt, K. (1988). Uses and abuses of patent Statistics. handbook of quantitative Studies of Science and Technology, 509-536.
Perry, C. (1990, Jul 1). Bases de conhecimento médico:Uma revisão. Boletim da Medical Library Assciation, pp. 271-282.
Piovesan, A., & Temporini, E. R. (1 de Nov de 1995). Pesquisa exploratória: procedimento metodológico para o estudo de fatores humanos no campo da saude pública. Revista de saude Pública, pp. 318-325.
Rainatto, G. C., silva, O. R., Andrade, n. d., Almeida, E., Saboya, T., Cipriani, P. D., . . . Bastos, W. F. (20 de Mar de 2020). A New Proposal for Innovation Indicators: A Study of the World's Largest Patent Producing Countries. International journa of business and management, pp. 200-208.
Rewar, S., Mirdha, D., & Rewar, P. (1 de Jul de 2015). Treatment and prevention of pandemic H1N1 influenza . Ann Glob health, pp. 645-653.
Rogers, K. (21 de Apr de 2020). 1968 Flu pandemic. Fonte: Encyclopedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/event/Hong-Kong-flu-of-1968#accordion-article-history
Saito, Y. (1 de Apr de 2017). Effects of patent protection on economic growth and welfare in a two-R&D-sector economy. Economic modelling, pp. 124-129.
Shiva, V. (2001). Protect or Plunder. London: Zed Books.
Simonsen, L., Clarke, M. J., Schonberger, L. B., Arden, N. H., Cox, N. J., & Fukuda, K. (1 de Jul de 1998). Pandemic versus Influenza Mortality: A pattern of Changing Age Distribution. The journal of Infectios Diseases, pp. 53-60.
Treinta, F. T., Farias Filho, J. R., Sant'Anna, A. P., & Rabelo, L. M. (2011). utilização de método multicritério de apoio à decisão. Simposio de engenharia de producao. Bauru: Bauru.
Walker, R. (1995). Patents as Scientific and technical Literatre. The Scarecrow Press.
Wenner, M. (1 de Dec de 2009). Timeline of events... a brief history of what made news this year. Nature Medicine.
WHO. (15 de Apr de 2020). Expenditure in health as % of GDP. Fonte: World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/current-health-expenditure-(che)-as-percentage-of-gross-domestic-product-(gdp)-(-)
Adler, R. (1984). Biotechnology as an intelectual property. Science, pp. 357-363.
Anderson, P., & Tushman, M. (1 de Mar de 1990). Technological discontinuities and dominant design:A cyclical model of technological change. Administrative Science Quarterly, pp. 604-633.
Arora, A., & Gambardella, A. (1 de Mai de 1994). The Changing Technology of Technological Change: General and Abstract Knowledge and the division of innovative labor. Research Policy, pp. 523-532.
Barata, R. d. (1987). Epidemias. Cadernos de saude publica.
Bergstein, G. (01 de Dez de 2012). Os limites do dever de informação na relação médico-Paciente e sua prova. Os limites do dever de informação na relação médico-Paciente e sua prova - Faculdade de Direito, São paulo.
Boon, S. (4 de Jan de 2017). Fonte: Canadian Science Publisinhg: http://blog.cdnsciencepub.com/21st-century-science-overload/
Brem, A., Petra, N., & Viardot, E. (1 de Mar de 2020). The impact of 2008 financial crisis on innovation: A dominat Design perpective. Journal of Business Research, pp. 360-369.
Brennan, Z. (2016, Aug 17). Patents vs. Market Exclusivity: Why Does it Take so Long to Bring Generics to Market? Retrieved from Regulatory Focus : https://www.raps.org/regulatory-focus%E2%84%A2/news-articles/2016/8/patents-vs-market-exclusivity-why-does-it-take-so-long-to-bring-generics-to-market
Caprari, S., Metzler, S., Lengauer, T., & Kalinina, O. V. (2015, Oct 19). Sequence and Structure Analysis of Distantly-Related Viruses Reveals Extensive Gene Transfer between Viruses and Hosts and among Viruses. Viruses, pp. 5389 - 5409.
Castrignano, S. B. (2016). O que são virus? um novo conceito. Boletim do instituto Adolfo Lutz, 1-3.
Cockburn, W. C., Delon, P. J., & Ferreira, W. (1969, Mar 1). Origin and progress of the 1968-1969 Hong Kong Influenza Epidemic. Bulletin of the world Health Organization, pp. 345-348.
Darwin, C. (1859). The origin of species. London: John murray.
Davey, L. M. (2001, Set 3). The Oath of Hippocrates:An historical Review. Neurosurgery, pp. 554-566.
Dawood, F. S., Iuliano, A. D., & Reed, C. (12 de Dez de 2012). Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: A modeling study. The lancet infection Diseases, pp. 687-695.
de Souza Machado, D. A., Branco Vieira Barcelos, E. J., Maccari, E. A., & Mazieri, M. R. (2020, jan-mar 1). Absorptive capacity as a strategy for innovation in service microenterprises under crisis environment. Revista Gestão & Tecnologia, pp. 77-99.
DOHERTY, M. C., & BIRRER, R. (1 de Feb de 1986). Research methodology series. Computerized bibliographic databases. Family Practice Research Journal,, pp. 59-66.
Dutta, s., & Weiss, A. (1 de Mar de 1997). The relaationship between a firma's level of technological innovativeness and its pattern partership agreements. Management Science, pp. 343-356.
Feng, L., Shay, D. K., Jiang, Y., Zhou, H., Chen, X., Zheng, Y., . . . Yu, H. (1 de jan de 2012). Influenza-associated mortality in temperate and subtropical Chinese cities, 2003–2008. Bulletin of the World Health Organization.
Ferreira, A. A., Guimaraes, E. R., & Contador, J. C. (1 de Feb de 2009). Patente como instrumento competitivo e. Gestão & Produção, pp. 209-221.
Fineberg, H. V. (1 de jan de 2014). Pandemic Preparedness and response lessons fron the H1N1 influenza of 2009. New England journal of medicine, pp. 1335-1342.
Fortune business insights. (2019). Mediccal Devices market size, share and indutry analysis by type ( orthopedic devices , cardiovascular devices, diagnostic imaging,IVD,MIS,wound managmente,diabetes care, Ophtalmic devices, dental & Nephrology), end user and regional forecast (2019-2025). EUA: Fortune.
Frabasile, D. (2017). "Em tempos de crise,inovar é a única saída". Epoca negócios.
Grais, R. F., Ellis, J. h., & Glass, G. E. (1 de 11 de 2003). Assesing the Impact of airline travel o the Geographic Spread of pandemic Influenza. European Journal of Epidemiology, pp. 1065-1072.
Green, S., Gavin, M., & Aiman-Smith, L. (1 de mar de 1995). Assessing a multidimensional measure of radical technological innovation. IEEE transaction on Engineering Management, pp. 203-214.
Guimaraes, J. A. (08 de Dec de 2003). A pesquisa médica e biomédica no Brasil. Comparações com o desempenho científico brasileiro e mundial. Ciencia e Saude Coletiva.
Henderson, R., & Cockburn, I. (1 de Nov de 1994). Measuring competence? Exploring Firm effects in pharmaceutical research. Strategic management Journal, pp. 63-84.
Jenner & Block. (1995). Patents for surgical/medical procedures: A call for legislative prohibition. ASCRS News and Advocacy.
Katila, R. (1 de Dec de 1999). Using patent dat to measure Innovation Performance. International Journal of business performance management, pp. 11-110.
Kavanaugh, M. M., Thirumurthy, H., Katz, R., Ebi, K. L., Beyrer, C., Headley, J., . . . Gostin, L. O. (2020, Mar 1). ENDING PANDEMICS: U.S. FOREIGN POLICY TO MITIGATE TODAY’S MAJOR KILLERS, TOMORROW’S OUTBREAKS, AND THE HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE. Journal of International Affairs, pp. 49 - 68.
Koonin, E., & Dolja, V. (1 de Jun de 2014). Virus world as an evolutionary network of viruses and capsidless selfish elements. Microbiol Mol Biol, pp. 278-303.
Liao, Q., Cowling, B. J., Lam, W. w., & Fielding, R. (2011, Jun 1). The Influence of Social-Cognitive Factors on Personal Hygiene Practices to Protect Against Influenzas: Using Modelling to Compare Avian A/H5N1 and 2009 Pandemic A/H1N1 Influenzas in Hong Kong. International Journal Behavioral medicine, pp. 93-104.
llewellyn, C., Podpolny, D., & Zerbi, C. (2015). Capturing the new "value"segment in medical devices. Mackinsey Pharmaceuticals & Medical products, 91-98.
Martinez, D. L., & Das, T. K. (2014, Dec 29). Design of non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies for pandemic influenza outbreaks. BMC Public Health.
Mena, I., Nelson, M., Quezada-Monroy, F., Dutta, J., Cortes-Fernandez, R., Lara-Puente, J. h., . . . Garcia-Sastre, A. (28 de Jun de 2016). Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico. eLife, p. e16777.
Monga, A. (1 de Jun de 2014). Medical savings and long term healthcare financing. Journal of the Insurance institute of India, pp. 83-96.
Murphy, K. M., & Topel, R. H. (2003). Measuring the gains from a medical research : An economic approach. Chicago: The university of Chicago Press.
MURTIASTTIK, D., MAHARANI, C. S., & LISTIAWAN, R. &. (2019, Dec 1). Nystatin Profile on Candida Species in HIV/AIDS Patients with Oral Candidiasis: A Phenomenology Study. Journal of Pure & Applied Microbiology, pp. 2013-2019.
Myat Aye, Y., & Bulsara, C. (2018). Perceptions of the Effect of Contact Precautions on Patients and Relatives in a Palliative Care Unit: An Exploratory Pilot Study Using a Survey Research Methodology. Internal Medicine Journal, pp. 16-48.
Ness, R. B. (2015). The Creativity Crisis : Reinventing Science to Unleash Possibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nesse, R. M. (2007). Evolutionary Medicine. New York: Oxford Universty Press.
Packer, S. (1960). Ethics and medical patents. Archives Of Ophthalmology (Chicago, III), 824- 826.
Pauly, M. V. (1986, Feb 1). Taxation,heanlth Insurance and Market Failure in the Medical Economy. Journal of Economic Literature, pp. 629-675.
Pavitt, K. (1988). Uses and abuses of patent Statistics. handbook of quantitative Studies of Science and Technology, 509-536.
Perry, C. (1990, Jul 1). Bases de conhecimento médico:Uma revisão. Boletim da Medical Library Assciation, pp. 271-282.
Piovesan, A., & Temporini, E. R. (1 de Nov de 1995). Pesquisa exploratória: procedimento metodológico para o estudo de fatores humanos no campo da saude pública. Revista de saude Pública, pp. 318-325.
Rainatto, G. C., silva, O. R., Andrade, n. d., Almeida, E., Saboya, T., Cipriani, P. D., . . . Bastos, W. F. (20 de Mar de 2020). A New Proposal for Innovation Indicators: A Study of the World's Largest Patent Producing Countries. International journa of business and management, pp. 200-208.
Rewar, S., Mirdha, D., & Rewar, P. (1 de Jul de 2015). Treatment and prevention of pandemic H1N1 influenza . Ann Glob health, pp. 645-653.
Rogers, K. (21 de Apr de 2020). 1968 Flu pandemic. Fonte: Encyclopedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/event/Hong-Kong-flu-of-1968#accordion-article-history
Saito, Y. (1 de Apr de 2017). Effects of patent protection on economic growth and welfare in a two-R&D-sector economy. Economic modelling, pp. 124-129.
Shiva, V. (2001). Protect or Plunder. London: Zed Books.
Simonsen, L., Clarke, M. J., Schonberger, L. B., Arden, N. H., Cox, N. J., & Fukuda, K. (1 de Jul de 1998). Pandemic versus Influenza Mortality: A pattern of Changing Age Distribution. The journal of Infectios Diseases, pp. 53-60.
Treinta, F. T., Farias Filho, J. R., Sant'Anna, A. P., & Rabelo, L. M. (2011). utilização de método multicritério de apoio à decisão. Simposio de engenharia de producao. Bauru: Bauru.
Walker, R. (1995). Patents as Scientific and technical Literatre. The Scarecrow Press.
Wenner, M. (1 de Dec de 2009). Timeline of events... a brief history of what made news this year. Nature Medicine.
WHO. (15 de Apr de 2020). Expenditure in health as % of GDP. Fonte: World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/current-health-expenditure-(che)-as-percentage-of-gross-domestic-product-(gdp)-(-)
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2021-05-01
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